The Reformation

The Reformation  
I. Causes
a. Pope not celibate, staging bloody battles for his SON
b. Sale of indulgences, Tetzel sold them in Germany “get out of hell free”
c. Tithe – 10% of your income
d. Many priests were illiterate, but peasants are becoming more educated = less respect for the clergy
e. Great Schism/Babylonian Captivity  Counselor Movement, failed, the pop is still infallible
f. Spread of Humanism, living your life, not only just taking what you got, but trying to make something of yourself. (Luther went from being a Minor’s son to a doctorate in theology)
g. Simony
h. Absenteeism – when the bishops didn’t actually live in their region, they lived in a nicer place. (They paid someone to run it for him)
i. Nepotism – use your station to elevate members of their families. 
j. Lack of general lack of morality 
k. Alexander VI - 1492-1503 numerous affairs, many children out of wedlock, 20% had concubines in Trent
II. Critics
a. Wyclif
b. Hus
c. Thomas a Kempis – created the Brethren of Common Life, Imitation
 of Christ (died 1471)
d. Erasmus
III. Luther
a. Did not want to overthrow the Catholic Church, he wanted to reform it.
b. Was an Augustinian Monk, Luther Stadt Wittenberg, was a professor at the University
c. Didn’t life sale of indulgences, especially Tetzel 
d. Luther published his 95 Theses in 1517 – wanted to create a debate within the church. He figured that once people see they see the error of their ways they will fix the damage…yeah…so much for that
e. His movement appealed to the common people
f. The theses created a lot of controversy, but it didn’t stay behind academic closed doors, due ot the printing press
g. The pope told Luther to stop, he didn’t so by 1518 Luther needed protection (Saxony)
h. 1520 – debate with Eck - in Leipzig 
i. Luther denied the infallibility of the clergy and the pope himself. He rejected the idea if infallibility. Claimed that Hus had been executed unfairly. The Point of No Return for Luther
ii. He published his Statement on Theology  
1. Said Salvation come from faith alone
2. You can ask for God’s forgiveness, but not expect to receive it. 
3. The Bible is the sole authority 
4. Only two sacraments: baptism and communion 
5. Church consisted of a priesthood of believers
6. Encouraged the German princes to reform the churches in their own kingdoms
iii. Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther so he burns it publically 
iv. Diet of Worms – Diet = tribunal the Holy Roman Emperor [Charles V] promised that no one would be excommunicated without a fair trial 
1. Told Luther to recant, he refused
2. Edict of Worms – declares Luther a heretic
3. Luther then “kidnapped” and stayed in the castle of Weimar until he published his bible in 1523
v. Melanchthon – Confession of Augsburg – attempt to find the middle ground, to reconcile everything 
IV. Political Battles
a. Reasons for going with Luther: 1. Getting land back, and 2. Freedom from the Church 
b. Lutheranism caused Scandinavia and northern Germany to turn protestant, but the rest of Europe developed their OWN versions of Protestantism. 
c. Charles V doesn’t like this, he wanted religious unity
i. Turks were threatening Hungary, so he was battling to save Hungary as is was a huge chunk of the Holy Roman Empire, he was also trying to stake his claim on Burgundy. Spent most of his time in Italy. 
d. Several events that help to unify
i. Between 1524-25 a number of peasant revolts. They published their own 12 articles  
1. Demanded an end to serfdom, quit paying to lords, free hunting rights, Luther put them down, he wanted spiritual reform, NOT political reform. He hated to violence of the uprisings. They were put down quickly and brutally. 
ii. League of Schmalkalden - Northern German Princes Unite, defense against Charles V’s drive of Catholicism 
1. Francis I aligns himself with the League because they didn’t like the Holy Roman Emperor
2. 1521-1525 there are five Hapsburg vs. Valois wars 
3. France wanted to keep Germany divided 
4. Charles V will eventually defeat the League in 1547, by then it’s too late. 
5. Peace of Augsburg (1555) – allowed the German Principalities to choose either Protestantism vs. Catholicism (The prices chose and all had to follow what he chose)
V. Spread of Protestantism
a. Anabaptists – roundly persecuted in Europe, hates universally because they believed only in a voluntary association of believers with no association to any state, had some successes… that violated their beliefs… some of them took over Muenster in 1532, introduced polygamy, burned all the books except the bible, not always as tolerant.
i. The movement comes to an ugly end because they combined armies of the protestants and Catholics takes the city back in the late 1530’s and killed all the leaders 
ii. BUT they had an impact, other groups reflected their beliefs (Mennonites[Dutch, led by Menosimmons, but they were pacifists], Quakers [pacifists, from England], Unitarians [still important today, anybody could join the church, rejected the trinity])
iii. Luther didn’t like this. He did not believe in the validity of these little splinters
iv. Ulrich Zwingli - Swiss, humanist, preached from Erasmus’s Greek New Testament, takes over Zurich and turns it into a theocracy, believed the bible should be the sole source, was reserved with the Eucharist.
1. Catholics – Transubstantiation 
2. Luther – Consubstantiation - the host and the wine, were not physical body and blood, but that Christ was present in them
3. Zwingli broke with Luther, Colloquy of Marburg there they disputed over Consubstantiation, Zwingli said it was purely symbolic
b. Calvinism – Founded by the French man John Calvin, studied to be a priest and a lawyer, he ran away to Switzerland, he honed his ideas there. 
i. He wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion(1536)he outlines the basis of his beliefs = predestination, they were waiting for a Conversion Experience, a vision so you know you’re one of the selected. 
ii. Establishes his centre in Geneva (Protestants from the Netherlands, France, and England go to Geneva)Couldn’t live in Geneva if you weren’t Calvinist. 
iii. Strictest – Consistory – Presbyters this Council had the power to impose harsh penalties on those who didn’t follow God’s Law (No Drinking, singing, dancing, lending money, gambling)
iv. A Unitarian called Severtus was BBQ’d for denying the trinity
v. Emphasized the value of hard work = puritan/protestant work ethic 
c. John Knox – Presbyterian in Scotland, still Calvinist France= Hugenots Netherlands = Dutch reformed church = independence in 1581
d. Puritanism – England
VI. English Reformation – Top Down reformation instead of down up
a. Henry VIII – Defense of Seven Sacraments “Defender of the Faith”
b. Already in the 1300’s the King chose the Bishops, Cranmer before More, Act of Supremacy – head of the Anglican Church 25% of the land was catholic, closed all the monasteries Pilgrimage of Grace Statute of Six Articles 1539 Parliament passed turned the 
c. Everything catholic was turned into Anglican
d. 1527- Henry VIII dies Edward III at the age ten, died at 16
i. Bloody Mary became queen, tried to make everything catholic again, she married Philip II, King of Spain, she dies in 1558, executed Cranmer
e. Elizabeth I ruled for more than 40 years, she ends the Tudor Dynasty 
i. Created the Elizabethan Settlement – requires conformity to the church of England, but in practice people could worship whatever they wanted, but Privately 
ii. Established the Book of Common Prayer 
iii. Did not reestablish the monasteries
iv. No more Latin 
v. Everyone required to attend, fined if you didn’t
vi. Eventually they codified the church doctrine 
vii. Some Catholics tried to assassinate her for Mary Queen of Scots, so she imprisoned her, but they kept trying to kill her, so Mary became head shorter.

VII. Women in the Reformation 
a. Weren’t really helped. 
b. The Catholic Church called sex the original sin. 
c. The Protestants were stricter about marriage than Catholics. The Catholics then later adopted the same principals. 
d. Luther was married to Bora, they had a very loving relationship and believed that between married couples sex was fine. 
e. Protestants put a heavy emphasis on Literacy, at least one book. 
f. Schools for Girls (Phillip Melanchthon promoted education in Germany)
g. Women lost a lot of rights, such as the one to own propert
h. Merici – Ursiline Nuns = school for women 
i. Teresa de Avila – similar things in Spain