New Monarchs

New Monarchs
I. During the Renaissance and the Reformation
a. They were stronger, reducing the power of the nobility by taxing them and hiring mercenaries 
b. Stronger than the clergy
c. Created efficient bureaucracies to enforce laws
II. France
a. Louis XI (“Spider King”)
i. Large royal army
ii. Consolidates lots of power 
b. Francis I 
i. Ruled for 30 years during the Reformation 
ii. Concordat of Bologna - allowed the King to appoint bishops 
iii. Taille – tax on all land and property 
III. England
i. War of the Roses
1. York(Richard III) vs. Lancaster(later became the Tudors) 
a. Henry VII started the Star Chamber
IV. Spain
a. Ferdinand and Isabella 
i. The Reconquista – took Spain back from the Moors and the Jews. 
ii. The Spanish Inquisition 
1. Torquemada – went after heretics, especially converses
iii. Hermandades – alliances of cities to control nobles 
V. Hapsburgs 
a. The Holy Roman Empire 
b. Maximilian I – married Valois line 
c. Charles V – during the 1500’s the most powerful ruling 
VI. Commercial Revolution 
a. Price Revolution
i. From 1500-1600 and population increase from 70-90 million price revolution increase in demand causes prices to go up because it facilitates trade the poor get screwed 
ii.  specie – how much silver and gold are worth 
iii. Influx in gold and silver makes prices go up at first because it allows actual trade to happen 
b. More demand  increase supply if good to meet demands  Capitalism 
c. Bourgeoisie – middle class 
d. Banking becomes very important 
i. Evolves in different place at different times (Medici, banking in Germanic state Hanseatic League (German city states that traded goods =EU) Fuggers)
ii. Antwerp became the banking centre of Europe, later Amsterdam when the Netherlands had their independence 
e. Stronger states can tax, fight wars, distribute goods “fairly” (to their friends)
i. Chartered Companies - the state granted a charter to companies, giving them a monopoly over certain areas of productions (East India Trading Company, Dutch)
ii. Joint Stock Companies – the for-runner of our current stock markets. In the first JSC men would get together and join the money to fund an expedition 
iii. Bourses – people could trade shares in different ventures 
f. Government will take an interest in encouraging certain kinds of interest, for example:
i. England – The Enclosure Movement  supported by the government wealthy land owners began to enclose their lands  sheep on their land for Wool
1. Created the “putting out industry”, people are put to work spinning wool 
2. Different to factory because you go to the factory and work in mass production, wool spinning is at home taking on extra work to make ends meet
ii. New Industries
1. Textile Industry
2. Mining (iron, steel, coal)
3. Printing [books, pamphlets, posters]
4. Ship building 
5. Weaponry [canons and muskets] Arms Industry 
g. New consumer goods, the products in demand Common Goods 
i. Rice, Tea, Sugar – Columbian Exchange [bringing things from America to Europe and vice versa (Potatoes and Corn)] Europeans brought wheat and live stock 
ii. Europeans were immune to many diseases that were brought with the live stock between half and ¾ died 
iii. Columbus and his men brought back Syphilis
h. High demand for sugar leads to slave trade because the Indians proved too weak to produce it. Columbus’s son brought the first African slaves to America around 1497
i. Columbus’s discovery lead to the colonization  mercantilism – exported raw goods to respective mother lands and the goods were shipped back after being made into something of more value and money was made on taxed 
j. Bullionism - Spanish wanted to bring back Gold and Silver. If a country wants to be dominant then they have to have as much gold and silver as they could. You need to sell more than you buy 
i.  Slow transition in European society. Went from rural to more developed with towns 
ii. More powerful nation states, more trade = more money for the country due to taxes  more exploring 
iii. French and British explorers were looking for gold and silver, but found other natural resources that can be exploited 
iv. New trade created a middle class the bourgeoisie 
v. Some peasant farmers are also able to increase their lot because their products are especially in demand.
vi. The nobility are not getting any money back from their peasants off their land because the feudal system is collapsing 
VII. Exploration
a. Three main motives
i. God  
ii. Glory
iii. Golds
b. 1492 – Behaim round globe
i. Compass and quadrant (latitude using the stars), astrolabe (latitude using star), much later the cross staff (measures latitude using the north star)
ii. Ship building innovations: caravel - smaller faster 
1. Spanish ships called galleons bigger, heavier, and stable, good for African coast, but not for the Atlantic 
2. Lateen Sail – take better advantage of the winds
3. Axial rudder – duh, better than oars 
4. Gun Powder 
c. Nations
i. Portugal – they have Prince Henry the Navigator, sent ships to the west coast of Africa 
1. Bartholomew Dias – rounds the southern tip of Africa 1488 for the first time 
2. Henry Patronized Exploration 
3. Vasco da Gama – makes the all water sail to India which upset the Italians 
4. Amerigo Vespucci – explored Brazil unlike Columbus he realized he had reached a new continent. Brazil becomes Portugal’s main colony  
ii. Spain - Columbus stuck to the Caribbean 
1. Patronized by Ferdinand and Isabella 
2. Bartholomew de la Casas – brief account of the destruction of the Indies Columbus forced the Indians to work for gold, cut off hands etc. 
3. After Columbus’s discovery the Pope makes the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal  divides the Americas from north to south, so Portugal got Brazil and the slave trade 
4. Balboa – discovers the Pacific Ocean in 1513 expedition across Panama 
5. Magellan – voyage around the world, finished without him
6. Cortez – booty hole, conquered the Aztecs in Mexico conquistador held Montezuma for money 
7. Pizarro - booty hole too, Incas in Peru to Aztecs in Mexico 
a. Spanish government took a 1/5 cut
8. Encomieda System – structure of society - appointed governor of an area of the Spanish Empire. 
a. The Spanish government imposed rules of how Natives could be used. Amerindians had to work so many days a week, but was given some land so they could work for themselves on other days. 
i. Mestizos – children of mixed Spanish and Native blood. 
ii. Creoles – full Spanish children born in the New World 
9. In contrast, the Portuguese use Old Imperialism established forts and post on the West African coast and protected those and traded with the Natives. 
a. Most slaves were not captured by Europeans, but bought them from Africans who had captured people from other tribes.  
b. Albuquerque – invented old imperialism, governor of Goa (India)  
10. People wanted to convert the Natives to Christianity
a. Xavier – missionary Portuguese 
iii. Netherlands – eventually edges the Portuguese out of the Spice Islands (Indonesia) and out of Ceylon 
1. Dutch East India Company 1602, today Shell 
iv. France – Jacques Cartier – looking for a water passage over Canada North West Passage 
v. British – Cabot – exploration in New England, Sir Walter Rowley, Virginia Lost Colony. The first permanent British Colony James Town 1607
vi. Slave Trade – mid 1600’s Dutch are big, Dutch West India Company, England creates the Royal African Company in the late 1600’s. By 1800 60% are African  
Extra: Diseases, European plants, tomatoes, chocolate and vanilla, beans, turkeys
VIII. Demographics – what life was like in the 16th and 17th Centuries
a. Still some nobility with their peasants in the country side.
i. Peasants make up the majority of the rural population. 
ii. Now, because there is a middle class, more and more peasants are able to own their own and or get paid  more modern economy. But it still sucks not having a land.
b. IN towns, more trade and industry emergence of the bourgeoisie
i. Creation of trade guilds [trade unions] – set standards in that town, who gets what jobs, people have to be trained, for example by a master as an apprentice.
ii. Higher literacy rates because of more education, more printed material available [e.g. the Bible]
c. Long Century [1450-1650] – population boom = good, replenishing after the Black Death.
i. 1650-1750 – population levels level off, then boom again because of agricultural innovations = more colonies [in the 1600’s, but explosive growth in the 1700’s because of population growth]
d. Life expectancy – men [27], women [25], brought down by infant mortality rates and mother deaths. 
IX. Witch Hunts
a. Between 1400-1700 between 70,000-100,000 people are killed for being witches
i. Victims were often poor, elderly women, unmarried 
ii. Catholic church promoted witch hunts
iii. Hunter were often in rural areas – looking for a scapegoat
iv. Women were more likely to engage in occupations where they could be blames [midwives] 
v. Allowed village leaders to keep control by blaming others, they wanted to avoid mob rule 
vi. Beginning of insurance companies – reduces witch hunting 
vii. The reformation will reduce witch hunts because they believe that God is a spiritual thing, so lack of fairy tales etc.