New Imperialism (1880-1914)

By the way, don't you LOVE how my new browser keeps some kind of outline format? Yes? Don't you?!

:)

New Imperialism 1880-1914

I. Old Imperialism (16^th and 18^th century) – dominating other people through colonization, occupation

a. European powers didn’t usually acquire territories if they were in Africa or Asia, they would set up trading posts, so most of the fighting was over trading routes, with the exception of Australia and the New World

b. Trade route countries – Portugal, Dutch, French had Quebec and the French West Indies (Caribbean)

II. European Migration – starting in the 1800’s, 60 million Europeans will leave Europe (1815-1932)

a. Most will go to former or current colonies (north and south America, Australia, New Zealand) from mostly lower classes, but not the total poor

b. The one group who did not maintain ties back home were the Jews from Russia

c. The governments then use those people who are leaving to gain control in New Imperialism

III. New Imperialism – focusing on Africa and Asia as opposed to other places

a. 1800 - Europe controlled 7% of the world, by 1914, they controlled 84%...

b. The British empire at that time controlled 20% of the worlds territory, which is 25% of the world population

c. You could travel around the world by railroad and sea and only be in British territories

d. They took control by force the exploit local governments for raw materials

e. The models for this was Britain’s colonization of Egypt à appoint a colonial governor, your own systems on the people who live there

f. Reasons for mercantilism – expand the market and raw materials

i. 1. they needed the new materials for their industrialization (mass production creates a surplus of goods), though they didn’t really help

ii. 1% of German trade went to their colonies

iii. France imported more goods than it exported to its colonies

iv. The thing that work was the things they imported from the colonies – oil, diamonds, ivory, rubber, cocoa, tea, cotton (India Egypt)

v. 2. Missionaries – most successful in Sub Saharan Africa (“Dr. David Livingston, I presume” H.M. Stanley)à he goes to the King of Belgium to get investments to exploit Africa which leads to the devastation of Congo by the Belgians

vi. 3. Military bases à Britain especially were worried about the other powers (such as German’s at sea and France) so they created naval bases all over the world

vii. 4. Nationalism/Ideology – just to show they could

g. Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer “White Man’s Burden”

IV. Scramble for Africa – World Wide Wrestling Cage Match

a. By 1880, Europeans will control 10% of Africa, by 1914, they will control all of Africa except for Liberia and Ethiopia

b. It all starts with Belgium and Congo.

i. Stanley created trading posts in Congo and will sign treaties with local leaders so that Belgium had complete control over all the trade

ii. In the Berlin Conference of 1885, Congo will be seen as Leopold’s Personal possession. (1885-1908)

iii. They will rape Congo for its rubber and ivory.

iv. When the parliament hear what is really happening, they will actually take it away

c. The British will take control over Egypt “Protectorate”. Egypt had become an independent country in 1849 by Mohammed Ali but they got in trouble with foreign investors in France and British, who invest and manage the Suez Canal which leads to them establishing it as a protectorate in 1883.

i. UK had actually started to say that the protectorate was only temporary. It was supposed to be part of the Ottoman Empire and will remain under their control until 1956

d. Berlin Conference established the rules of Imperialism (1884-84)

i. Slavery and the slave trade it outlawed (you just couldn’t call it that)

ii. The main reason was to keep the nations from fighting

iii. No imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless they controlled it.

iv. One of the big pushers of this conference was Bismarck

e. Empires in Africa – England especially is powerful with their navy, they see themselves as the most enlightened of the imperial powers

i. Egypt – 1883

ii. Sudan – Battle of Omdurman – British take control of Sudan (1898)

1. Horatio Kitchener defeated combined army of Sudanese tribesmen, kill 11,000 with machine guns, only 28 Brits killed

2. Fashoda Incident – British vs. French, French let them have it because they were coping with the Drafish incident (Jewish officers charges with treason)

iii. South Africa – Boer War (1899-1902) (Boer were the Dutch settlers) – Britain made some inroads, Cecile Rhodes became the leader of Cape Colony – Cape to Cairo (he wanted gold and diamonds which were found in Transvaal)

1. The Boers are winning in the beginning

2. Germany is run by a doofus

3. Kruger Telegram – Wilhelm II sends a telegram to the Boers congratulating them on kicking the British Booty without the help of the Germans à the Brits are PISSED [it gets printed in every British newspaper]

4. British redouble their war efforts, defeat the Boers in 1902 in the Transvaal, by 1910 they will also control the Orange Free State and the Natal and all four will be combined to make South Africa

iv. Brits will also control Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, and Zanzibar

v. Germany will recognize British control of these regions

f. French – Algeria (1830) – one of the first European powers to establish a colonial foothold in Africa

i. Took it under the pretense of combating piracy

ii. Algeria will remain under French control until the 1960’s

iii. Tunisia – 1881 – under the pretense of protecting Algeria from rebel raids

1. Protectorate

iv. Britain gives up Tunisia to France in the Berlin Conference

v. They also gained the Northern Congo and Somaliland

vi. Madagascar (1896)

vii. French West Africa

viii. France come to dominate Morocco after a conflict with Germany by 1914

g. Germany – they are an official country in 1871

i. Bismarck doesn’t start imperialism until 1884 (Berlin Conference as a launching point)

ii. Germany will establish their own protectorates in Africa

1. Cameroon and Togo

2. German east Africa (formally called Tanganyika)

3. South West Africa (Namibia) as brutal as anybody else except for maybe the Belgians

a. They killed 50,00 people

h. Italy – last ones in and the least effective

i. They wind up with three

ii. Eritrea 1880’s (defeated in their next attempt and wont come back until Mussolini in 1935, 6,000 Italian troupes killed and more taken prisoner)

iii. X Ethiopia

iv. Libya from the Turks in 1912

i. Portugal – Angola slavery without the name

V. Imperialism in Asia – the western powers were more involved in Asia earlier

a. China - opium wars (1^st in 1839-1841)

i. Instigated by the British, they occupied several coastal cities and forced them to surrender

ii. 1842 – they created the Treaty of Nam King, ending the first war, giving Britain a little colony they only recently gave up, Hong Kong, until 1997

iii. The treaty also gave them access to the ports of Canton and Shanghai

iv. British residents of China and their European visitors were granted extraterritoriality à they were immune

v. 2^nd round of opium wars - 1856-60 six more ports were open to the British open ended, also forced the Chinese to accept their investment

vi. Chinese will fight among themselves – Manchu’s will fight giving the British an excuse to go in, they will help them in exchange for concessions

b. Late intervention in China – spheres of influence

i. By the late 1800’s China was divided into spheres of influence (Britain, France [Canton Bay and several southern provinces], Russia [northern Manchuria] , Japan [Taiwan, Sino-Japanese War 1894-95], and Germany [Entire port of Qingdao, 99 year lease + two rail road lines])

ii. Open Door Policy – European powers will not restrict trade between China and another other power

c. India – 1763 – 1950’s

i. Clive

ii. They report directly to parliament (east India Trading Company)

iii. They take complete control in 1848

iv. Sepoy Rebellion (1857-58) Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the British Army fought against the British and it will be crushed by Indians in the British army

1. Touched off by rifle cartridges – the lubrication was supposedly made from Cow or Pig fat

v. They gave India a modern system of secondary education, irrigation projects, cotton industry and the tea industry, jute plantations [rope], 25,000 miles of railroads, they unified India as a country, in 1885 they will create in Indian National Congress à trying to train Indians to run India in a British way

d. Burma/Myanmar, Malaysia, Northern Borneo (Indonesia)

e. Indochina - became a French protectorate in the 1880’s – modern day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, they also took over Tahiti and New Caledonia

f. Germany took over Marshall Islands and Samoa

g. Spanish American War of 1898 the US will defeat Spain, Cuba is “freed”

i. They will take over Guam and Philippines

VI. Response to Western Imperialism – not everybody was happy

a. China – Boxer Rebellion (1900) – Chinese nationalists defeated by a multinational force of European powers – Manchu rulers will fall à this well sow the seeds for Communism in China

b. Dr. Sun Yat-sen – created a doctrine of Chinese nationalism which will lead to two movements: Communism and Chinese nationalist movement which will battle for China

c. Japan – forcibly opened to Western trade by the USA in 1853, Commodore Perry sailed there and said open or we will start shooting. Unlike China they go okay and start to modernize, determined to beat the west at their game

i. Meiji Restoration – 1867 – very early for modernization, by 1904 they are kicking Russian butt and them they become militarily aggressive

VII. Two Major opponents of Imperialism

a. People – Theorists, people who write essays Marx

i. Das Kapital - the bourgeoisie is going to need increasing markets and they are going to conquer countries to get them

b. J.A. Hobson – UK – says the same thing, but also that businessmen and bankers are going to influence governments - people with money are going to want their governments to invade to new markets. He believed that if wages increased, the aboard markets won’t be necessary

i. His theories were adopted by communists (Lenin)

Age of Mass Politics (Tuesday 23rd, 2nd hour missing)

Age of Mass Politics (1871-1914)

Define the three media that created mass politics today (mass movements, mass beliefs, mass action, etc.)

Printed media/Internet/TV

“Age of the Sound – Bite”

I. Overview

a. What are the factors that create mass politics?

i. Liberalism – governments were less authoritarian

ii. Education – more people could read the newspapers and find out what’s going on

iii. Economy – more freedom and less worries

iv. Democracy – more people have a say and will actually be interested, and the politicians need to be more concerned about what the public think

1. Most governments in Europe however, are still run by conservatives. They then realize that they have to give the people some rights to avoid revolutions. There is very little difference between Bismarck and Obama

2. They harp on Nationalism in order to stay in power, beware of foreigners, build up the military, etc. Try to dampen the class conflicts top protect national interests

II. German Empire – Zweite Reich

a. Bismarck – with Wilhelm I (becomes Kaiser in 1871-88)- very good years from a German standpoint

i. Bismarck is the power behind the throne

ii. He allows some socialism – first public health care system in the world, retirement funds

iii. Creates the Bundestag (voted by the people for the people) and the Bundesrat (the check on the Volk), the länder appoint their representatives for the Bundesrat

iv. The Germans create a multiple party system

v. Junkers are a political party representing the Prussia aristocracy

1. The party that backs Bismarck is the Centre/Catholic Party – very conservative/upper class (absorbed the Junkers)

2. lower classes get their own political party SPD – Marxist/socialist

3. the middle class DOESN’T have a party yet ( they will initially support the conservatives because they promise stability)

vi. Even though the centre party supported Bismarck, he was suspicious of it and the SPD and tried to destroy them - he’s worried about mass politics being abused

b. Bismarck

i. Interested in unifying political and economic structures (created a standard currency Reichs Mark; created the Imperial bank (central) which helps dictates monetary policies to stabilize the economy; demanded compulsory military service

c. Bismarck starts Kulturkampf – Culture struggle

i. He wanted to deflate the catholic party after the pope declared infallibility in 1870 …Ahhh….problem?

ii. The problem he faced and why he failed to get rid of the catholic centre party was because it was the upper class and it was too popular to ban

USA vs. Germany

Minimum wage

Education/back ground requirement higher in Germany

USA easier to start own business (German bureaucracy)

III.

IV.

a. Gladstone – liberal British Prime Minister

i. Supported free trade

ii. Supported Irish home rule

iii. Supported democratic principles, which were considered to be more liberal

iv. Opposed imperialism

v. Abolished compulsory taxes for the Church of England

vi. 1872 – Australian Ballot Act – allowed secret ballots

vii. Reformed the Civil Service in 1870 – you have to pass a test

viii. Reform Act of 1884 – Representation of the People Act à grants universal male suffrage (the restriction used to live in a city or borough, you couldn’t vote if you lived in a county)

ix. Societies (Suffragettes, Socialist, Fabian Society [reformed socialist society], Independent Labour Party [founded by Keir Hardie, starts a socialist political party (third party at the time)]

b. The Liberal Party were dominating at this time – promoting democracy

i. Dominated from 1905-WWI

ii. Parliament Act of 1911 – restructured the British government

1. It took away the Veto power of the House of Lords

2. They must have elections every 5 years, not 7

iii. Social Welfare Foundation (before WWI) 1905 – WWI

1. Government insurance for people who are injured on the job, unemployment insurance, old age pensions, right of unions to strike, mandatory education

2. Pay for all of it with taxes on the rich

c. Women’s Suffrage

i. Divorce laws – women couldn’t seek a divorce as easily

ii. Only men could inherit (women could only inherit if there was no male heir)

iii. Middle class women had the most time to fight for this

iv. Dame Millicent Garrott – Fawcett

1. Created the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS)

2. Was pivotal in getting women’s suffrage laws passes (in the 1920’s)

v. Emmeline Pankhurst – all about being decidedly militant (get violent)

1. Founded the Women’s Social and Political Union along with her daughter

a. Starting in 1907 the WSPU starts destroying things

b. They will be arrested, go on hunger strikes – are force fed

2. Parliament passes the Cat and Mouse Act, recover, go to jail, hunger strike again, back to jail, etc.

3. Emily Davison (1913) – committed suicide by throwing herself in front of the horse of the King in the Epsom derby

vi. All of this and women’s support in WWI leads to the Representation of the People Act (1918) – women over 30 are allowed to vote

vii. Reform Act 1928 – 21 for everybody

d. Irish Question

i. Young Ireland Movement

ii. Ulster

iii. Irish Home Rule Act (1914) – it was deferred though

iv. Easter Rebellion (1916)

v. Irish Independence (1922)

V. “Eastern Question”

a. Ottoman Empire – sick man of Europe

b. Russia start Pan-Slavism – to be led by the Russians

i. Jingoism – term what came into use in UK during this time, very Strong national feeling, My country in NEVER wrong

ii. Russia has always wanted to go back into the Balkans including Constantinople – the Austro-Hungarians wanted it too

iii. Russia Defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1878, work out a peace treaty, UK oppose this Pan Slavism, don’t want Russia to dominate the Balkans, so they send the royal navy to help the Turks

c. Bismarck offers to mediate the conflict between the UK and the Russians

i. Congress of Berlin (1878) – not the same thing as the Berlin Conference of 1886

ii. Russia gets screwed, so what else is new

iii. Recognition of Romania, Montenegro, and Serbia as independent states

iv. Bulgaria comes into existence

v. And Bosnia – Herzegovina goes to … Austria!

vi. Cyprus goes to GB

d. Bismarck gets the blames, even though it’s really Disraeli fault

VI. Socialist Movement – makes great inroads in Europe at this time

a. To protect the proletariats/working class

b. Saw nationalism as a tool of the rich to put down the working class

c. First International (1864) – Marx helped organize it

d. 1871 – home grown socialist political parties started to form (ex. SPD)

e. 1883 – socialists exiled from Russia, go to Switzerland and form the Russian Socialist Party

f. Revisionism

i. Living conditions improved

ii. Vote

iii. Taxing the rich

iv. Education standardized

v. Unions legalized

è Politics – instead of trying to revolt, they start to work within the system and get people voted in who are sympathetic to them

g. Opposition - is created because of the German Trade Union Congress, the opposition turns violent – Anarchy – people who want a Marxist revolution think that the only way thet make it happened is to destabilize the central state and will do this into the 1920. They will execute/cause the death of 6 national leaders between 1881-1901 (assassinated) – including Alexander II of Russia (1881), King Umberto of Italy (1900), President William McKinley in 1901

i. German Trade Union Congress (1899)- seen as an Oh My GOD! By old socialists

1. Collective bargaining – making a deal with the capitalists

ii. Jean Jaures – French Union Leader, is a revisionist at heart, has to do what best for his constituents

iii. Edward Bernstein - says forget it in England 1899 – published Evolutionary Socialism – says that Marx is wrong, that ever greater poverty of the workers and every greater wealth in the hands of the few will not work.

1. Eventually the workers will get represented (SPD forces Bismarck to pass socialist legislation, it will be the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912)

2. England – founding of the Labour Party in 1893 – will becomes a very strong third party and these will push for workers rights

VII. Russia

a. The Russian anarchists killed the most progressive of the Russian Tsars

b. They got their butts kicked in the Crimean War, so they decide to modernize

c. Alexander II becomes tsar in 1855. He believed that serfdom had held Russia back. When he became tsar, 90% of the people worked in agriculture. Peasants could be bought and sold like slaves

i. 1861- he passes the Emancipation Act/Edict – abolished serfdom, peasants are no longer dependent on their lords

ii. Mirs – highly regulated communes, collective ownership, made it hard for them to leave

iii. He created something else that doesn’t work – zemstvos – assemblies in local areas, local governing councils, which were dominated by the former lords but were supposed to give people a voice

iv. Improves the judiciary, reduces censorship, liberalizes education

d. Alexander’s main attempt was to industrialize Russia. He was as successful as he could be, but Russia was NOT industrialized by the end of the 18^th Century. 90% were working in agriculture and that number didn’t really reduce

e. The one industry he did have success in was in Railroads. He will massively increase Russia’s railroads system. In 1860 Russia had 1200 miles of tracks; by 1880 it was over 15,000 miles.

i. This helped the Russia economy. They could export grain and get their goods to market

f. He didn’t create some domestic industry, industrial suburbs, but it is still a long way to transport goods and the majority of the people still live in the country side, they don’t have the population in cities to compete with the countries in western Europe

g. He did draw some critics

i. Some radicals, such as anarchists, so Alexander becomes more conservatives and gets more realistic

ii. He is also criticized by the intelligensia, who they that they should be put in charge because they could do it better.

iii. Nihilists – also criticized him, believe in science who wants to start from scratch

h. Alexander will be assassinated by radicals in 1881 in St. Petersburg

i. Count S. Y. Witte – he was the one who oversaw the industrialization of Russia (“Bismarck”), responsible for building up the railroads, by 1900 they had 35,000 miles, he brings in investors to build factories, he builds the trans- Siberian railroad

i. to try and stabilize the economy who put it on Gold – standard (back your entire economy up with gold)

ii. they will be 4^th in the world in steel production (behind USA, UK, and Germany) by 1900 they will be producing ½ the world’s petroleum

iii. this industrialization will lead to the spreading of Marxist ideals

j. Russia is still hurting in 1900 – 1/3 of Russia farmland won’t be used because they can’t get people to work it.

k. Russia will be the most populous country in Europe by 1900 but they can’t keep up with the growing population, people will be starving, the depression in 1900 will wipe out the industrial economy, this set the stage for the Russian revolution

l. Alexander III – Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Russification [ Reactionary( Faaaaaaar right, trying to turn back the clock to a “better” time in the past, often forgetting how crappy the past really was)]

i. He encouraged pogroms (state sanctioned Kristal Nachts), many Jewish immigrants to American and Western Europe during this time period , thousands of homes destroyed, businesses disrupted

ii. More Jews are killed under Nikolas II than under Alexander III

m. Herzi – creates Zionism - movement to create a Jewish homeland in the Holy Land as a counter weight to persecution in Europe

n. Nicholas II – 1894–1917 he lays the seeds of its own destruction by getting involved in the Russo – Japanese War (1904-1905) it was an embarrassment and they couldn’t win

i. The Russians had developed a sphere of influence and it wanted Korea. They were resisted by the industrial power Japan

ii. The Japanese crushed the Russia Navy, slaughtered them on Land with advanced weaponry in Eastern Russia

iii. Russia is humiliated and for negotiating a peace treaty between them that neither of them liked, Roosevelt will receive the Nobel Peace Prize “Treaty of Portsmouth” (New Hampshire)

iv. All these problems lead to the first Russian revolution of 1905 (the one that everybody forgets about) – people are hungry, dying in war, etc. protests lead by peasants and middle for reforms. In January of 1905 there was Bloody Sunday. A group of 200,000 marched on the Winter Palace and peacefully asked for reforms and for an end to the war – guards open fire on the unarmed marchers

v. As a result you have a workers revolt and strike, troupe mutinies à Russia will be paralyzed by October, so Nicholas has to sign the peace treaty. He agrees to reforms.

vi. He created the Duma, it was more of an advisory board, but he had an absolute veto. He also granted freedom of speech, assembly, the press, but the Duma is dominated by the upper classes

vii. Russia will rebound a bit economically before 1914, because one of his advisors, Stolypin, will push through reforms for the country side that allow the breaking down of the collective villages and ownership.

viii. Unfortunately, while he is doing this, Nicholas takes in a nutball of an advisor Rasputin