Industrial Revolution (1780-1850)
I. Overview – machines replaced people and animals
a. Primary source that allows them to do that is steam (engines), later electric
b. Europe will transition itself from being a agricultural/commercial society to being an industrial society (starts in England then spreads to Europe)
c. Industrialization will have spread across Europe by the mid 1800’s except for in Russia
d. This sets in motion a series of changes in society which will completely change the fabric of society. This particular revolution will completely change society
II. Roots
a. Commercial Revolution (1500-1700)
a. Price Revolution – high inflation allowed the bourgeoisie the gain a certain amount of wealth which they could then invest again = a middle class and CAPITALISM
b. Scientific Revolution (ongoing)
1. Produces invention which lead to more investment
c. Inventions and better agriculture lead to Growth in Population
b. Commercial revolution Proto-Industrialization = Cottage Industry
a. Spinning and Weaving
b. Sometimes called the Putting Out system (merchant capitalists would give them raw materials and they were then paid per unit they returned)
c. Not very efficient or standardized
d. Made textiles, house wares, buttons, clocks, knives, forks, musical instruments
e. Up until 1700 then they will move into industrialization allowed by various inventions
c. Inventions (Textiles)
a. 1733 – John Kay – flying shuttle – allowed the weaver to move the shuttle across with one hand, cuts the man power needed in half
b. 1764 – James Hargreaves – spinning jenny – mechanizes the spinning wheel, so you didn’t have to spin it yourself and you could crank more than one at the same time (you needed at least 5 spinners per weaver. Mechanized spinning makes making a cloth much more efficient)
c. 1769 - Richard Arkwright – water frames – improves thread spinning, now you can use water power instead of people cranking the wheel – allowed the development of factories because you needed more workers to use the machine
d. 1779 – Samuel Crompton – spinning mule – combined ALL the inventions together
1. All these invention were by English men within a short period of time
III. England - starting at about 1780 after all these inventions England will take off, but it will take about 50 years, but it doesn’t spread to Europe until Napoleon is gone
a. Land and Geography – isolated from the continent had to be more self sufficient
b. England weren’t as involved in the Continental Wars – being isolated allowed them to develop on their own
c. Britain had good natural supplies of both coal and iron at the time, they didn’t have to import
d. Water ways – extensive canal system. No point in England is anymore than 20 miles away from a navigable water source (much cheaper to transport by water then by land)
e. Royal Navy – Britain had the strongest navy to provide protection and aid the development of their commerce
f. Agricultural Revolution – allowed abundant, cheap labour
g. People can now move into the cities to work in factories , the population Doubled
h. Capital – had money to invest because it wasn’t spending it on war, invest in colonies and the economy
i. 1694 – The Bank of England
j. Lloyds Insurance Company
k. Entrepreneurs – middle class work ethic contributed, constitutional monarchy gives them more freedom to do what they want – re Dutch, this leads to a growing middle class
l. Colonies – give Britain raw materials and a new market
m. Government sympathetic to industry, fairly stable, will aid business with laws (bubble act – forbad people from forming joint stock companies, will later be repealed)
a. Lowes Act – limited the liability of business owners
n. There will be a worldwide demand for textiles – 1770-1790 the textiles will increase production tenfold – the most important industry in the UK will be cotton textiles (later HALF of all British exports)
o. Steam and Coal – prior to 1780 the most common fuel was charcoal…which is made of wood = deforestation. Coal was more efficient (by 1850’s, Britain will be producing 2/3 of the world’s coal
p. Savoy (1699) + Newcomer (1707) -> steam pump – used to pump water out of mines
a. James Watt (1769) – patens the first steam pump
q. Rise of the Iron Industry – Henry Cort (1780’s) developed the Puddeling Furnace – cocke replaces charcoal in the refining of pig iron it was hotter so it could get of the impurities out of the iron and it was less brittle)
a. By 1850, England also produced HALF of the world’s iron
r. Transportation Revolution – now that you had steam and you could power it with coal you could use it for steam.
a. Duke of Bridgewater – pushing for the use of steam for transportation
b. John McAdam – responsible for making hard surfaced roads
c. 1807- Robert Fulton – sail his steam boat UP the Hudson River
d. 1838- using steam to make transatlantic crossings
e. George Stephenson – 1825 – make the first commercially successful railroad locomotive leads to a transportation industry
f. Steams becomes the preferred method of transportation worldwide
What is the single most important factor in causing an industrial revolution?
Population growth
Free market
s. British per capita income will increase 100% on average in 50 years
a. Britain is at the forefront of this, labour increases faster than population growth by 1850
IV. Industrial Revolution on the Continent – lags behind Britain
a. The continent was even with UK in the 1780’s
b. Two things hinders the rest of Europe
a. Instability after the French Revolution – France was the largest country…UK is isolated. The French exported their revolution
b. Napoleon – provides stability but tries to take over the continent
c. Factors behind Napoleon’s war which impede the continent
a. Instability lessens the willingness to take risks
b. Many young men were soldiers consuming, but NOT producing, resources being drained by war
c. Lack of population growth during war
d. Continental system blocked Britain and with it all its ideas
d. After Napoleon exiled, Britain will dominate economically, even on the continent. The Europeans can’t afford the technology
a. Lack of man power because they were all killed so there was no one to work in the factories
b. Takes the continent longer to shake of the mercantilist policies, they don’t want to change towards industrialization
c. After every major war, a country becomes more Conservative. Stability breeds innovation
e. Europe will catch up. What allowed them too?
a. They were able to start with the new technology and not make the same mistakes Britain did and they didn’t have to go through the modernization evolution
f. Holland, France, Belgium, and USA started their industrial revolutions until 1820’s, Germany and Austria in the mid 1850’s, and Russia and the east not until the late 19th Century
a. They hire the people who know how to do it because they themselves don’t have the know how
g. Britain tried to keep the monopoly on their technology and it didn’t work. Until 1825 is was illegal for skilled artisans and technicians to leave. Until 1843 the exportation of textile machinery was forbidden.
a. Other countries will also try to protect their interests’ tariffs (1834. German free trade zone) = explosion of trade and innovation
V. Social Implications- created a middle class (upper [bankers, big merchants who own fleets of ships, industrialists, people who own factories] they will demand high tariffs (protect in country goods) and free enterprise, lassaiz – faire and lower [merchants, professional men, entrepreneurs demand stability and security form the government)
a. Crafts men, skilled workers were in demand
b. Different ethnic groups are now valued in certain industries
a. Mechanics – England, Quakers and Scots
b. Banking – Protestants and Jews in France
c. As factories grow, unskilled workers were at a disadvantage and the skilled ones were needed
d. Education becomes crucial
e. By 1830 in England and 1860 in Germany, an industrialist was more likely to have inherited his wealth than created it
f. Working class – proletarian – becomes the fastest growing class of workers (as things becomes more mechanized, there is a surplus of workers
a. Workers end up getting exploited
b. Women and children also abused
g. Leads to a back lash - Frederick Engels the condition of the working class in England 1844 – he was only 24, blames the middle class for the exploitation of the proletariats
h. Struggle between the capitalist and the labor class, in reality, workers will all benefit from the revolution
a. Prices of commercial goods drops, they becomes affordable
b. Standard of living goes up by 50% (wages go up)compared to 5% previously
c. Working hours increase, but people still tend to be better off and healthier better food and living conditions, however, housing and accommodations are not better, over population on a limited amount of land
i. A group of irate workers, luddites, now a term for teachers who don’t want to use a computer, people who don’t like technology. Originally, they went around England destroying the machinery they thought was putting them out of work
j. The other resistance is the union movement (1799 England outlawed unions), most workers told them where to stick it and made unions anyway, it was repealed in 1824. Ironically, it was a Scottish industrialist who organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Unions, Robert Owen. Pioneered good working conditions. His efforts failed. Craft Unions prevailed (skilled workers only), they were eventually accepted because they needed the workers, unskilled ones were fought against
k. Chartists - demanded political democracy (at this time voting was limited to land owning white males). When trade unions collapse, craft unions are acknowledged, but the they are still asking for the vote even thought they don’t own any land (mid 1800’s) There will still be ineffective trade union (Campaign for a 10 hour day and no tariffs on wheat) generally better conditions in England, but mainly for skilled laborers
l. Changes in working conditions
a. Factories, less autonomy for workers
b. Child labour now employed more readily, children exploited, used abandoned children, treated as adults (working hours)
m. Saddler Commission – England, investigating working conditions
a. Factory act of 1833
1. Limited work day for children 9-13 (8 hours a day), 14-18 (12 hours a day), under 9 (not supposed to work, should go to a school at the factory)
2. Child labour starts to decrease in England
n. Mine Act 1842 - all children under the age of 10 are prohibited from working under ground
a. It often pulled families apart
b. They often needed the money to put food on the table
VI. Social Effects
a. Urbanization
1. In England first, before Europe and before USA
2. Largest transfer of population in Human history
3. Industrial cities
4. People moved from the south of England to the north in Manchester (coal and iron resources)
5. Before this, there were only three cities with more than 50,000 people, by 1820, (35 years later) they have 31
6. More interaction and political participation because people lives closer together
7. The major industrial centre shifted from the family to the factory
8. The family wasn’t as close
9. Gender Roles, Patriarchal society, women’s place is in the home (definition of home shifts, cottage industry), women have to create a home environment, dad isn’t there, married women still work, but by necessity, not a social choice, women who worked were either single or widowed in domestic work, low wages, Irish immigrants filled low wage jobs
10. Driving factors that drove the Irish to England were potato famine (late 1840’s), potato was the staple food in Ireland, (over 1 million people dies from starvation, 1 million more will leave during those year (45-51). Potato famine were extreme in Ireland, but they also hit western Germany and southern Italy and central Russia, potatoes were cheaper and over population
b. Was the industrial revolution a good things or a bad thing?
a. Capitalists see it as good because it created opportunity for people to make a living for themselves, created a strong middle class, people have more clothing and food, easier communication, more human interaction, more interconnected economy, if one thing goes bad, they can switch to other things
b. Socialist say bad because there was a massive increase in wealth, but not everyone benefited from it.
Wednesday, 20 January 2010
Industrial Revolution (1780-1850)
I. Overview – machines replaced people and animals
a. Primary source that allows them to do that is steam (engines), later electric
b. Europe will transition itself from being a agricultural/commercial society to being an industrial society (starts in England then spreads to Europe)
c. Industrialization will have spread across Europe by the mid 1800’s except for in Russia
d. This sets in motion a series of changes in society which will completely change the fabric of society. This particular revolution will completely change society
II. Roots
a. Commercial Revolution (1500-1700)
a. Price Revolution – high inflation allowed the bourgeoisie the gain a certain amount of wealth which they could then invest again = a middle class and CAPITALISM
b. Scientific Revolution (ongoing)
1. Produces invention which lead to more investment
c. Inventions and better agriculture lead to Growth in Population
b. Commercial revolution Proto-Industrialization = Cottage Industry
a. Spinning and Weaving
b. Sometimes called the Putting Out system (merchant capitalists would give them raw materials and they were then paid per unit they returned)
c. Not very efficient or standardized
d. Made textiles, house wares, buttons, clocks, knives, forks, musical instruments
e. Up until 1700 then they will move into industrialization allowed by various inventions
c. Inventions (Textiles)
a. 1733 – John Kay – flying shuttle – allowed the weaver to move the shuttle across with one hand, cuts the man power needed in half
b. 1764 – James Hargreaves – spinning jenny – mechanizes the spinning wheel, so you didn’t have to spin it yourself and you could crank more than one at the same time (you needed at least 5 spinners per weaver. Mechanized spinning makes making a cloth much more efficient)
c. 1769 - Richard Arkwright – water frames – improves thread spinning, now you can use water power instead of people cranking the wheel – allowed the development of factories because you needed more workers to use the machine
d. 1779 – Samuel Crompton – spinning mule – combined ALL the inventions together
1. All these invention were by English men within a short period of time
III. England - starting at about 1780 after all these inventions England will take off, but it will take about 50 years, but it doesn’t spread to Europe until Napoleon is gone
a. Land and Geography – isolated from the continent had to be more self sufficient
b. England weren’t as involved in the Continental Wars – being isolated allowed them to develop on their own
c. Britain had good natural supplies of both coal and iron at the time, they didn’t have to import
d. Water ways – extensive canal system. No point in England is anymore than 20 miles away from a navigable water source (much cheaper to transport by water then by land)
e. Royal Navy – Britain had the strongest navy to provide protection and aid the development of their commerce
f. Agricultural Revolution – allowed abundant, cheap labour
g. People can now move into the cities to work in factories , the population Doubled
h. Capital – had money to invest because it wasn’t spending it on war, invest in colonies and the economy
i. 1694 – The Bank of England
j. Lloyds Insurance Company
k. Entrepreneurs – middle class work ethic contributed, constitutional monarchy gives them more freedom to do what they want – re Dutch, this leads to a growing middle class
l. Colonies – give Britain raw materials and a new market
m. Government sympathetic to industry, fairly stable, will aid business with laws (bubble act – forbad people from forming joint stock companies, will later be repealed)
a. Lowes Act – limited the liability of business owners
n. There will be a worldwide demand for textiles – 1770-1790 the textiles will increase production tenfold – the most important industry in the UK will be cotton textiles (later HALF of all British exports)
o. Steam and Coal – prior to 1780 the most common fuel was charcoal…which is made of wood = deforestation. Coal was more efficient (by 1850’s, Britain will be producing 2/3 of the world’s coal
p. Savoy (1699) + Newcomer (1707) -> steam pump – used to pump water out of mines
a. James Watt (1769) – patens the first steam pump
q. Rise of the Iron Industry – Henry Cort (1780’s) developed the Puddeling Furnace – cocke replaces charcoal in the refining of pig iron it was hotter so it could get of the impurities out of the iron and it was less brittle)
a. By 1850, England also produced HALF of the world’s iron
r. Transportation Revolution – now that you had steam and you could power it with coal you could use it for steam.
a. Duke of Bridgewater – pushing for the use of steam for transportation
b. John McAdam – responsible for making hard surfaced roads
c. 1807- Robert Fulton – sail his steam boat UP the Hudson River
d. 1838- using steam to make transatlantic crossings
e. George Stephenson – 1825 – make the first commercially successful railroad locomotive leads to a transportation industry
f. Steams becomes the preferred method of transportation worldwide
What is the single most important factor in causing an industrial revolution?
Population growth
Free market
s. British per capita income will increase 100% on average in 50 years
a. Britain is at the forefront of this, labour increases faster than population growth by 1850
IV. Industrial Revolution on the Continent – lags behind Britain
a. The continent was even with UK in the 1780’s
b. Two things hinders the rest of Europe
a. Instability after the French Revolution – France was the largest country…UK is isolated. The French exported their revolution
b. Napoleon – provides stability but tries to take over the continent
c. Factors behind Napoleon’s war which impede the continent
a. Instability lessens the willingness to take risks
b. Many young men were soldiers consuming, but NOT producing, resources being drained by war
c. Lack of population growth during war
d. Continental system blocked Britain and with it all its ideas
d. After Napoleon exiled, Britain will dominate economically, even on the continent. The Europeans can’t afford the technology
a. Lack of man power because they were all killed so there was no one to work in the factories
b. Takes the continent longer to shake of the mercantilist policies, they don’t want to change towards industrialization
c. After every major war, a country becomes more Conservative. Stability breeds innovation
e. Europe will catch up. What allowed them too?
a. They were able to start with the new technology and not make the same mistakes Britain did and they didn’t have to go through the modernization evolution
f. Holland, France, Belgium, and USA started their industrial revolutions until 1820’s, Germany and Austria in the mid 1850’s, and Russia and the east not until the late 19th Century
a. They hire the people who know how to do it because they themselves don’t have the know how
g. Britain tried to keep the monopoly on their technology and it didn’t work. Until 1825 is was illegal for skilled artisans and technicians to leave. Until 1843 the exportation of textile machinery was forbidden.
a. Other countries will also try to protect their interests’ tariffs (1834. German free trade zone) = explosion of trade and innovation
V. Social Implications- created a middle class (upper [bankers, big merchants who own fleets of ships, industrialists, people who own factories] they will demand high tariffs (protect in country goods) and free enterprise, lassaiz – faire and lower [merchants, professional men, entrepreneurs demand stability and security form the government)
a. Crafts men, skilled workers were in demand
b. Different ethnic groups are now valued in certain industries
a. Mechanics – England, Quakers and Scots
b. Banking – Protestants and Jews in France
c. As factories grow, unskilled workers were at a disadvantage and the skilled ones were needed
d. Education becomes crucial
e. By 1830 in England and 1860 in Germany, an industrialist was more likely to have inherited his wealth than created it
f. Working class – proletarian – becomes the fastest growing class of workers (as things becomes more mechanized, there is a surplus of workers
a. Workers end up getting exploited
b. Women and children also abused
g. Leads to a back lash - Frederick Engels the condition of the working class in England 1844 – he was only 24, blames the middle class for the exploitation of the proletariats
h. Struggle between the capitalist and the labor class, in reality, workers will all benefit from the revolution
a. Prices of commercial goods drops, they becomes affordable
b. Standard of living goes up by 50% (wages go up)compared to 5% previously
c. Working hours increase, but people still tend to be better off and healthier better food and living conditions, however, housing and accommodations are not better, over population on a limited amount of land
i. A group of irate workers, luddites, now a term for teachers who don’t want to use a computer, people who don’t like technology. Originally, they went around England destroying the machinery they thought was putting them out of work
j. The other resistance is the union movement (1799 England outlawed unions), most workers told them where to stick it and made unions anyway, it was repealed in 1824. Ironically, it was a Scottish industrialist who organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Unions, Robert Owen. Pioneered good working conditions. His efforts failed. Craft Unions prevailed (skilled workers only), they were eventually accepted because they needed the workers, unskilled ones were fought against
k. Chartists - demanded political democracy (at this time voting was limited to land owning white males). When trade unions collapse, craft unions are acknowledged, but the they are still asking for the vote even thought they don’t own any land (mid 1800’s) There will still be ineffective trade union (Campaign for a 10 hour day and no tariffs on wheat) generally better conditions in England, but mainly for skilled laborers
l. Changes in working conditions
a. Factories, less autonomy for workers
b. Child labour now employed more readily, children exploited, used abandoned children, treated as adults (working hours)
m. Saddler Commission – England, investigating working conditions
a. Factory act of 1833
1. Limited work day for children 9-13 (8 hours a day), 14-18 (12 hours a day), under 9 (not supposed to work, should go to a school at the factory)
2. Child labour starts to decrease in England
n. Mine Act 1842 - all children under the age of 10 are prohibited from working under ground
a. It often pulled families apart
b. They often needed the money to put food on the table
VI. Social Effects
a. Urbanization
1. In England first, before Europe and before USA
2. Largest transfer of population in Human history
3. Industrial cities
4. People moved from the south of England to the north in Manchester (coal and iron resources)
5. Before this, there were only three cities with more than 50,000 people, by 1820, (35 years later) they have 31
6. More interaction and political participation because people lives closer together
7. The major industrial centre shifted from the family to the factory
8. The family wasn’t as close
9. Gender Roles, Patriarchal society, women’s place is in the home (definition of home shifts, cottage industry), women have to create a home environment, dad isn’t there, married women still work, but by necessity, not a social choice, women who worked were either single or widowed in domestic work, low wages, Irish immigrants filled low wage jobs
10. Driving factors that drove the Irish to England were potato famine (late 1840’s), potato was the staple food in Ireland, (over 1 million people dies from starvation, 1 million more will leave during those year (45-51). Potato famine were extreme in Ireland, but they also hit western Germany and southern Italy and central Russia, potatoes were cheaper and over population
b. Was the industrial revolution a good things or a bad thing?
a. Capitalists see it as good because it created opportunity for people to make a living for themselves, created a strong middle class, people have more clothing and food, easier communication, more human interaction, more interconnected economy, if one thing goes bad, they can switch to other things
b. Socialist say bad because there was a massive increase in wealth, but not everyone benefited from it.
I. Overview – machines replaced people and animals
a. Primary source that allows them to do that is steam (engines), later electric
b. Europe will transition itself from being a agricultural/commercial society to being an industrial society (starts in England then spreads to Europe)
c. Industrialization will have spread across Europe by the mid 1800’s except for in Russia
d. This sets in motion a series of changes in society which will completely change the fabric of society. This particular revolution will completely change society
II. Roots
a. Commercial Revolution (1500-1700)
a. Price Revolution – high inflation allowed the bourgeoisie the gain a certain amount of wealth which they could then invest again = a middle class and CAPITALISM
b. Scientific Revolution (ongoing)
1. Produces invention which lead to more investment
c. Inventions and better agriculture lead to Growth in Population
b. Commercial revolution Proto-Industrialization = Cottage Industry
a. Spinning and Weaving
b. Sometimes called the Putting Out system (merchant capitalists would give them raw materials and they were then paid per unit they returned)
c. Not very efficient or standardized
d. Made textiles, house wares, buttons, clocks, knives, forks, musical instruments
e. Up until 1700 then they will move into industrialization allowed by various inventions
c. Inventions (Textiles)
a. 1733 – John Kay – flying shuttle – allowed the weaver to move the shuttle across with one hand, cuts the man power needed in half
b. 1764 – James Hargreaves – spinning jenny – mechanizes the spinning wheel, so you didn’t have to spin it yourself and you could crank more than one at the same time (you needed at least 5 spinners per weaver. Mechanized spinning makes making a cloth much more efficient)
c. 1769 - Richard Arkwright – water frames – improves thread spinning, now you can use water power instead of people cranking the wheel – allowed the development of factories because you needed more workers to use the machine
d. 1779 – Samuel Crompton – spinning mule – combined ALL the inventions together
1. All these invention were by English men within a short period of time
III. England - starting at about 1780 after all these inventions England will take off, but it will take about 50 years, but it doesn’t spread to Europe until Napoleon is gone
a. Land and Geography – isolated from the continent had to be more self sufficient
b. England weren’t as involved in the Continental Wars – being isolated allowed them to develop on their own
c. Britain had good natural supplies of both coal and iron at the time, they didn’t have to import
d. Water ways – extensive canal system. No point in England is anymore than 20 miles away from a navigable water source (much cheaper to transport by water then by land)
e. Royal Navy – Britain had the strongest navy to provide protection and aid the development of their commerce
f. Agricultural Revolution – allowed abundant, cheap labour
g. People can now move into the cities to work in factories , the population Doubled
h. Capital – had money to invest because it wasn’t spending it on war, invest in colonies and the economy
i. 1694 – The Bank of England
j. Lloyds Insurance Company
k. Entrepreneurs – middle class work ethic contributed, constitutional monarchy gives them more freedom to do what they want – re Dutch, this leads to a growing middle class
l. Colonies – give Britain raw materials and a new market
m. Government sympathetic to industry, fairly stable, will aid business with laws (bubble act – forbad people from forming joint stock companies, will later be repealed)
a. Lowes Act – limited the liability of business owners
n. There will be a worldwide demand for textiles – 1770-1790 the textiles will increase production tenfold – the most important industry in the UK will be cotton textiles (later HALF of all British exports)
o. Steam and Coal – prior to 1780 the most common fuel was charcoal…which is made of wood = deforestation. Coal was more efficient (by 1850’s, Britain will be producing 2/3 of the world’s coal
p. Savoy (1699) + Newcomer (1707) -> steam pump – used to pump water out of mines
a. James Watt (1769) – patens the first steam pump
q. Rise of the Iron Industry – Henry Cort (1780’s) developed the Puddeling Furnace – cocke replaces charcoal in the refining of pig iron it was hotter so it could get of the impurities out of the iron and it was less brittle)
a. By 1850, England also produced HALF of the world’s iron
r. Transportation Revolution – now that you had steam and you could power it with coal you could use it for steam.
a. Duke of Bridgewater – pushing for the use of steam for transportation
b. John McAdam – responsible for making hard surfaced roads
c. 1807- Robert Fulton – sail his steam boat UP the Hudson River
d. 1838- using steam to make transatlantic crossings
e. George Stephenson – 1825 – make the first commercially successful railroad locomotive leads to a transportation industry
f. Steams becomes the preferred method of transportation worldwide
What is the single most important factor in causing an industrial revolution?
Population growth
Free market
s. British per capita income will increase 100% on average in 50 years
a. Britain is at the forefront of this, labour increases faster than population growth by 1850
IV. Industrial Revolution on the Continent – lags behind Britain
a. The continent was even with UK in the 1780’s
b. Two things hinders the rest of Europe
a. Instability after the French Revolution – France was the largest country…UK is isolated. The French exported their revolution
b. Napoleon – provides stability but tries to take over the continent
c. Factors behind Napoleon’s war which impede the continent
a. Instability lessens the willingness to take risks
b. Many young men were soldiers consuming, but NOT producing, resources being drained by war
c. Lack of population growth during war
d. Continental system blocked Britain and with it all its ideas
d. After Napoleon exiled, Britain will dominate economically, even on the continent. The Europeans can’t afford the technology
a. Lack of man power because they were all killed so there was no one to work in the factories
b. Takes the continent longer to shake of the mercantilist policies, they don’t want to change towards industrialization
c. After every major war, a country becomes more Conservative. Stability breeds innovation
e. Europe will catch up. What allowed them too?
a. They were able to start with the new technology and not make the same mistakes Britain did and they didn’t have to go through the modernization evolution
f. Holland, France, Belgium, and USA started their industrial revolutions until 1820’s, Germany and Austria in the mid 1850’s, and Russia and the east not until the late 19th Century
a. They hire the people who know how to do it because they themselves don’t have the know how
g. Britain tried to keep the monopoly on their technology and it didn’t work. Until 1825 is was illegal for skilled artisans and technicians to leave. Until 1843 the exportation of textile machinery was forbidden.
a. Other countries will also try to protect their interests’ tariffs (1834. German free trade zone) = explosion of trade and innovation
V. Social Implications- created a middle class (upper [bankers, big merchants who own fleets of ships, industrialists, people who own factories] they will demand high tariffs (protect in country goods) and free enterprise, lassaiz – faire and lower [merchants, professional men, entrepreneurs demand stability and security form the government)
a. Crafts men, skilled workers were in demand
b. Different ethnic groups are now valued in certain industries
a. Mechanics – England, Quakers and Scots
b. Banking – Protestants and Jews in France
c. As factories grow, unskilled workers were at a disadvantage and the skilled ones were needed
d. Education becomes crucial
e. By 1830 in England and 1860 in Germany, an industrialist was more likely to have inherited his wealth than created it
f. Working class – proletarian – becomes the fastest growing class of workers (as things becomes more mechanized, there is a surplus of workers
a. Workers end up getting exploited
b. Women and children also abused
g. Leads to a back lash - Frederick Engels the condition of the working class in England 1844 – he was only 24, blames the middle class for the exploitation of the proletariats
h. Struggle between the capitalist and the labor class, in reality, workers will all benefit from the revolution
a. Prices of commercial goods drops, they becomes affordable
b. Standard of living goes up by 50% (wages go up)compared to 5% previously
c. Working hours increase, but people still tend to be better off and healthier better food and living conditions, however, housing and accommodations are not better, over population on a limited amount of land
i. A group of irate workers, luddites, now a term for teachers who don’t want to use a computer, people who don’t like technology. Originally, they went around England destroying the machinery they thought was putting them out of work
j. The other resistance is the union movement (1799 England outlawed unions), most workers told them where to stick it and made unions anyway, it was repealed in 1824. Ironically, it was a Scottish industrialist who organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Unions, Robert Owen. Pioneered good working conditions. His efforts failed. Craft Unions prevailed (skilled workers only), they were eventually accepted because they needed the workers, unskilled ones were fought against
k. Chartists - demanded political democracy (at this time voting was limited to land owning white males). When trade unions collapse, craft unions are acknowledged, but the they are still asking for the vote even thought they don’t own any land (mid 1800’s) There will still be ineffective trade union (Campaign for a 10 hour day and no tariffs on wheat) generally better conditions in England, but mainly for skilled laborers
l. Changes in working conditions
a. Factories, less autonomy for workers
b. Child labour now employed more readily, children exploited, used abandoned children, treated as adults (working hours)
m. Saddler Commission – England, investigating working conditions
a. Factory act of 1833
1. Limited work day for children 9-13 (8 hours a day), 14-18 (12 hours a day), under 9 (not supposed to work, should go to a school at the factory)
2. Child labour starts to decrease in England
n. Mine Act 1842 - all children under the age of 10 are prohibited from working under ground
a. It often pulled families apart
b. They often needed the money to put food on the table
VI. Social Effects
a. Urbanization
1. In England first, before Europe and before USA
2. Largest transfer of population in Human history
3. Industrial cities
4. People moved from the south of England to the north in Manchester (coal and iron resources)
5. Before this, there were only three cities with more than 50,000 people, by 1820, (35 years later) they have 31
6. More interaction and political participation because people lives closer together
7. The major industrial centre shifted from the family to the factory
8. The family wasn’t as close
9. Gender Roles, Patriarchal society, women’s place is in the home (definition of home shifts, cottage industry), women have to create a home environment, dad isn’t there, married women still work, but by necessity, not a social choice, women who worked were either single or widowed in domestic work, low wages, Irish immigrants filled low wage jobs
10. Driving factors that drove the Irish to England were potato famine (late 1840’s), potato was the staple food in Ireland, (over 1 million people dies from starvation, 1 million more will leave during those year (45-51). Potato famine were extreme in Ireland, but they also hit western Germany and southern Italy and central Russia, potatoes were cheaper and over population
b. Was the industrial revolution a good things or a bad thing?
a. Capitalists see it as good because it created opportunity for people to make a living for themselves, created a strong middle class, people have more clothing and food, easier communication, more human interaction, more interconnected economy, if one thing goes bad, they can switch to other things
b. Socialist say bad because there was a massive increase in wealth, but not everyone benefited from it.
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